Ayini Amakhono Omphakathi?
Amakhono okuxhumana nabantu abhekisela ekhonweni lengane lokuxhumana nabanye ngendlela eyamukelekayo nefanele izimo zomphakathi. Lapho ingane inamakhono okuxhumana nabantu, ingakwazi ukwakha ubungane futhi ingaqhuba ingxoxo elula.
Amakhono Ezenhlalakahle kanye ne-Autism
Kungumbono oyiphutha ovamile wokuthi izingane ezine-autism azenzi abangane ngoba ziphikisana nomphakathi. Akunjalo. Izingane ezine-autism zifuna ukwenza abangane futhi zikhulume nabanye, kodwa azihlale zazi ukuthi zikwenza kanjani ngendlela efanele. Bavame ukulwa nokukwazi ukugcina ukubhekana kwamehlo nokuqonda ukuxhumana nomphakathi.
Uma othile ethi ingane ayinalo amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, kusho ukuthi ayibonisi ukuziphatha okulindelekile phakathi kwezinye izingane, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza abangane.
Isibonelo, ingane ye-autistic ingase ithathe ithoyizi lenye ingane ngaphandle kokucela imvume. Lokhu kubukwa njengokuziphatha okungalungile ngabantu abaningi, kodwa ingane ene-autism ingase ingaqondi.
Imaphi Amakhono Omphakathi Athintwa I-Autism?
Ukufundisa ingane enamakhono omphakathi we-autism kungaba inselele ngezinye izikhathi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ngoba omunye ukhiye izimpawu ze-autism I-spectrum disorder (ASD) ukuntula noma ukubambezeleka kwamakhono okuxhumana nabantu nokuxhumana.
Izimpawu ezithinta amakhono omphakathi wengane yilezi:
- Ukubambezeleka ekuthuthukisweni kwenkulumo
- Ukungakwazi ukufunda izimpawu ezingezona zamagama
- Ukwehluleka ukuqonda imizwa yabanye
- Ubunzima bokuqonda amahlaya, ukubhuqa, noma ukugcona
- Ayikwazi ukuqhuba ingxoxo
- Uphinda amagama nemishwana kaninginingi (echolalia)
- Inikeza izimpendulo ezingahlobene emibuzweni
Uma ubheka lezi zimpawu, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ingane ene-autism ingaba nzima kanjani ukuxhumana nabanye. Yingakho engase angenzi abangane kalula esikoleni. Ekhaya, ukudlala nezingane zakubo kungase kubonakale kungenakwenzeka.
Imaphi Amakhono Ezenhlalakahle Ingane Ene-Autism Eyidingayo?
Izingane ezine-autism zidinga izinga elifanayo lamakhono okuxhumana nabantu njengontanga yabo ye-neurotypical. Amakhono okuxhumana nabantu abalulekile ukuze ingane ithuthukise ukuzethemba, yakhe ubungane, futhi izwane nabantu abaseduze kwayo.
Umbhali kanye nommeli we-autism u-Temple Grandin, okwatholakala ukuthi une-autism esemncane, ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi izingane kufanele zifundiswe amakhono okuxhumana nabantu ukuze zizisize zizimele.
Engxoxweni ye-Autism Parenting Magazine, u-Gradin uchaza ukuthi isikhathi esiningi sodwa sengane ku-spectrum akudingekile. “Nganginomkhuba wokuhlala ngizihlalele ekamelweni lami futhi lokho kwakungavunyelwe. Uma bengifuna ukudlala ngaphandle amahora amaningi ngizama amadizayini wami wekhayithi bekulungile lokho. Bengingavunyelwe ukuhlala ekamelweni lami,” kusho yena.
NgokukaGradin, amakhono okuxhumana nabantu awabalulekile nje ekwakheni ubudlelwano, kodwa ukuthuthukisa amakhono empilo adingwa izingane uma sezikhulile. “Kumele bazi ukuthi bangafika kanjani ngesikhathi, bafunde ukuzithiba nokuzibophezela,” kusho yena.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, ingane ene-autism kufanele ifunde:
- Dlala nabanye (ukwabelana, ukushintshana, ukuzenzisa ukudlala)
- Khuluma nabanye
- Lawula imizwa
- Xazulula izinkinga
Uma lawa makhono ayisisekelo esehlonziwe, kuba lula ukuqhamuka nesu lokuthuthukisa amakhono engane okuxhumana nabantu.
Ungawathuthukisa Kanjani Amakhono Omphakathi Wengane Yakho
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ososayensi nabacwaningi baye bafunda izindlela ezehlukene zokuthuthukisa amakhono omphakathi wezingane ezine-autism.
Ucwaningo ngokungenelela kwamakhono omphakathi ezinganeni ezine-autism luthuthukile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Isibuyekezo ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono omphakathi okusekelwe eqenjini ezinganeni ezifunda isikole kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-2006 kubonise ukuthi idatha incane kakhulu ukuthi ingaphetha, kodwa izindlela ezikahle zocwaningo zihlonziwe.
Namuhla, abazali nabanakekeli banokufinyelela ekwelashweni okusha okufakazelwe ukunikeza izingane ezine-autism ikhono lokuxhumana ezimeni zomphakathi.
I-Social Skills Therapy ye-Autism
Ukuze ufundise ingane enamakhono omphakathi we-autism, abazali bangafuna usizo kubelaphi bamakhono omphakathi. Laba chwepheshe bavela ezizindeni ezihlukene kodwa babelana ngolwazi olufanayo namakhono adingekayo ukusiza abantu abane-autism bathuthukise amakhono omphakathi.
Ukwelashwa kwamakhono omphakathi ikakhulukazi kusekelwe kumqondo obizwa ngokuthi Ukucabanga Komphakathi. U-Michelle Garcia Winner , isazi sezifo zolimi lokukhuluma, wakha inkulumo ethi "ukucabanga komphakathi" futhi wayiguqula ibe isu lokuthuthukisa amakhono omphakathi wabantu ezinhlobonhlobo.
Abelaphi basebenzisa amasu ahlukene okufundisa abafundi ukuze babhekane nezimo ezivamile zomphakathi. Lokhu kuzohlanganisa ukufundisa ingane ene-autism indlela yokudlala, ukukhuluma, ukwabelana, nokusebenza nezinye izingane ezingontanga yayo. Ezinye izikhathi ziqhutshwa njengeqembu ukuze zikhuthaze izingane ukuba zikusebenzise ezikufundile.
Iningi izikole ezinezinhlelo ze-autism ube nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono omphakathi okutholakalayo. Ungavakashela i-Autism Society of America ukuze uhlole abelaphi bamakhono omphakathi endaweni yangakini.
Amasu okufundisa nokuthuthukisa amakhono omphakathi
Ukwelapha amaseshini kanye nokungenelela kochwepheshe kungathuthukisa amakhono omphakathi wezingane ezine-autism. Kodwa, kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukuthi abazali nabanakekeli baqinise ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono omphakathi ekhaya ukuze bathole imiphumela emihle.
Nawa amanye amasu abazali nabanakekeli abangawasebenzisa:
Ukulingisa
Ukulingisa kungasiza ingane ukuthi ifunde ukuziphatha okulindelekile nokungalindelekile esimeni esithile. Isibonelo, uma ingane iya esikoleni okokuqala, ukulingisa kungayisiza ukuthi izilolonge isigameko sangempela sokuya esikoleni.
Dlalani imidlalo ndawonye
Ngaphambi kokuba ingane ithunyelwe ukuyodlala nabanye, kuwumqondo omuhle “ukuprakthiza” ukudlala nomzali noma ingane yakini. Abazali bangachaza indlela umdlalo osebenza ngayo futhi babheke owomntwana ukuziphatha kuwo wonke umdlalo.
Eminye imidlalo engadlalwa yile:
- Ukukhahlela ibhola emuva naphambili
- USimon uthi
- Umdlalo wokuzifihla nokufuna
- Imidlalo yebhodi elula efana ne-Jenga noma i-Connect Four
Ukudlala imidlalo kuzofundisa ingane ngokubaluleka kwemithetho, ukushintshana, nokuba umdlalo omuhle.
Buka amavidiyo noma ubuke abanye
Uma ingane ikhathazekile ngomsebenzi wokuxhumana nabantu, njengokuya kudokotela wamazinyo, ungabuka amavidiyo abantu noma izingane ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwamazinyo. Kuyasiza uma uchazela ingane ukuthi ilindeleni uma ifika emtholampilo. Kungasiza futhi ingane ukuthi ibone amakhono ayisisekelo enhlonipho njengokubingelela udokotela nokulandela imiyalelo.
Izindaba Zomphakathi™
Ngo-1991, umeluleki nombhali uCarol Gray waqhamuka neSocial Stories™ ukusiza izingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile ngokuzinakekela kanye namakhono okuxhumana nabantu.
Indaba yomphakathi yindaba enento yomphakathi. Lezi zindaba zizophinde zibonise indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo lapho bexhumana nabanye nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokusebenza nabanye ukuxazulula izinkinga.
- Izindaba zomphakathi kuhle uma ufuna ingane ene-autism:
- Thuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana nabantu (ukwabelana, ukucela usizo, ukuthi ngiyabonga)
- Qonda imizwa yabanye
- Qonda imizwa yomuntu siqu
- Bhekana nezinguquko ezingalindelekile
- Lawula imizwa
Bangu izincwadi eziningi ezifundisa amakhono omphakathi ezinganeni ezine-autism spectrum disorders. Uma ingane yakho ingumfundi okhuthele, khona-ke le ndlela iyindlela enengqondo kakhulu yokuhamba.
Abazali bangafunda futhi ukubhala izindaba zabo zokuxhumana nabantu ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwengane yabo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abazali kufanele bazijwayeze ne izisekelo zokudala izindaba zomphakathi okuhlanganisa ukukhetha izinhlobo zemisho ezosetshenziswa, ukwakha abalingisi, kanye nokuhlonza inhloso yendaba.
Ukusebenzisana Nezingane Ze-Neurotypical
Izingane ezine-autism zingakwazi ukufunda kontanga yazo uma kuziwa emakhonweni okuxhumana nabantu. Uma ingane ene-autism ingakavezwa ezinganeni ezilingana nayo (ezingekho ku-spectrum), khona-ke umzali angahlela izinsuku zokudlala ukuze lokhu kwenzeke.
Ungawafundisa Kanjani Amakhono Omphakathi Ezindaweni Ezihlukene
Ezinye izingane ezine-autism zingakwazi ukufunda ikhono endaweni ethile kodwa zizoyeka ukusebenzisa ikhono lapho isimo sishintsha. Abazali, othisha, nabanakekeli kumele bonke basebenzisane ukuze basize ingane ene-autism ijwayele ukujwayelana nekhono layo lokuhlangana nabantu.
Amakhono Ezenhlalakahle Ekilasini
Ezinganeni ezisafunda isikole ezine-autism, ukuya esikoleni ngokwako kuyinselele ababhekana nayo nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwezinselele zemfundo, baphinde babhekane nezinye izingane ekilasini labo. Othisha bangasiza izingane ezine-autism ngamakhono azo okuxhumana nabantu ngokuthi:
- Ukwenza ikilasi likhululeke (akunamsindo omkhulu noma izibani ezikhanyayo)
- Khuthaza ingane ukuthi ibambe iqhaza emisebenzini
- Khetha izihloko kanye amathoyizi ukuze abe nentshisekelo enkulu kuyo
- Khombisa amakhono amahle okuxhumana nabantu
Amakhono Ezenhlalakahle Ekhaya
Ikhaya yilapho izingane eziningi zichitha khona isikhathi sazo. Ngokuvamile, yilapho befunda khona amakhono ayisisekelo okuxhumana nabantu.
Abazali nabanakekeli kulindeleke ukuthi baqinise lokho ingane ekufundayo ekuqeqesheni amakhono omphakathi noma esikoleni. Ukukhuluma nomelaphi wengane noma uthisha kuzosiza abazali bakhe izindlela zabo zokufundisa amakhono omphakathi ekhaya.
Imidlalo kanye nezinsiza ezibukwayo ingasetshenziswa ukuze isize ingane ifunde ukufunda imizwa, ukuxhumana nabanye, ukuqonda imithetho yezenhlalo, nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Amakhono okuxhumana nabantu abalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke. Izingane ezine-autism zingase zibe nobunzima bokuthola lawa makhono ekuqaleni. Kodwa ngosizo lochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe nabafundisi, kungenziwa.
