Ingabe ingane yakho inenkinga esikoleni, yesaba ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo, ukubhala indaba, noma ukufunda izibalo?

Kuyini ukukhubazeka kokufunda?

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda, noma ukuphazamiseka kokufunda, kuyigama eliyisambulela sezinkinga eziningi zokufunda. Ukukhubazeka kokufunda akuyona inkinga ngobuhlakani noma ugqozi. Izingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni azivilaphi noma ziyisimungulu. Eqinisweni, iningi lihlakaniphe njengawo wonke umuntu. Ubuchopho babo bumane buxhumeke ngendlela ehlukile. Lo mehluko uthinta indlela abathola futhi bacubungule ngayo ulwazi.

Kalula nje, izingane kanye nabantu abadala abanokukhubazeka ekufundeni babona, bezwa, futhi baqonde izinto ngendlela ehlukile. Lokhu kungaholela enkingeni ngokufunda ulwazi namakhono amasha, nokuwasebenzisa. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokukhubazeka ekufundeni zihlanganisa izinkinga zokufunda, ukubhala, izibalo, ukucabanga, ukulalela, nokukhuluma.

Nakuba yonke ingane inenkinga ngomsebenzi wesikole ngezikhathi ezithile, uma indawo ethile yokufunda ihlale iyinkinga, ingase ibonise ukuphazamiseka kokufunda.

Izingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni zingaphumelela futhi ziphumelele

Kungaba nzima ukubhekana nokwenzeka kokuthi ingane yakho inenkinga yokufunda. Abekho abazali abafuna ukubona izingane zabo zihlupheka. Ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungase kusho ukuthini ngekusasa lomntanakho, noma ukhathazeke ngokuthi ingane yakho izophumelela kanjani esikoleni. Mhlawumbe ukhathazekile ngokuthi ngokunikeza ukunakekela ezinkingeni zokufunda zengane yakho zingase zibhalwe ukuthi “zihamba kancane” noma zabelwe ikilasi elingenanselele encane.

Kodwa into ebalulekile okumele uyikhumbule ukuthi izingane eziningi ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni zihlakaniphile njengawo wonke umuntu. Badinga nje ukufundiswa ngezindlela ezihambisana nezitayela zabo zokufunda ezihlukile. Ngokufunda kabanzi mayelana nokukhubazeka kokufunda ngokuvamile, kanye nobunzima bokufunda bengane yakho ikakhulukazi, ungasiza ukuhlahla indlela yempumelelo esikoleni nangale kwalokho.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokukhubazeka kokufunda nokuphazamiseka

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda kubukeka kuhluke kakhulu kumntwana oyedwa kuya kwenye. Enye ingane ingase ibe nzima ukufunda nokupela, kuyilapho enye ithanda izincwadi kodwa ingakwazi ukuqonda izibalo. Kanti enye ingane ingase ibe nobunzima ekuqondeni lokho abanye abakushoyo noma ukukhuluma ngokuzwakalayo. Izinkinga zihluke kakhulu, kodwa zonke ziyizinkinga zokufunda.

Akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubona ukukhubazeka kokufunda. Ngenxa yokwehluka okubanzi, asikho uphawu olulodwa noma iphrofayili ongabheka kuyo njengobufakazi benkinga. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zivame kakhulu kunezinye eminyakeni ehlukene. Uma wazi ukuthi ziyini, uzokwazi ukubamba ukuphazamiseka kokufunda kusenesikhathi futhi uthathe izinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze uthole usizo lwengane yakho.

Uhlu lokuhlola olulandelayo lubala amafulegi abomvu avamile okuphazamiseka kokufunda. Khumbula ukuthi izingane ezingenakho ukukhubazeka ekufundeni zisengabhekana nobunye balobu bunzima ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Isikhathi sokukhathazeka kulapho kuba khona ukungalingani okuguquguqukayo ekhonweni lengane yakho lokwazi amakhono athile.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokukhubazeka kokufunda: Iminyaka yasenkulisa

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokukhubazeka kokufunda: Iminyaka engu-5-9

Izimpawu nezimpawu zokukhubazeka kokufunda: Iminyaka eyi-10-13

Izinkinga zokufunda, ukubhala, nezibalo

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda kuvame ukuqoqwa ngokwesethi yamakhono endaweni yesikole. Uma ingane yakho isesikoleni, izinhlobo zezinkinga zokufunda ezigqama kakhulu ngokuvamile ziphathelene nokufunda, ukubhala, noma izibalo.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda ekufundeni (dyslexia)

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokukhubazeka ekufundeni ekufundeni. Izinkinga zokufunda eziyisisekelo zenzeka lapho kunobunzima bokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwemisindo, izinhlamvu namagama. Izinkinga zokufunda ngokuqondisisa zenzeka lapho umuntu engakwazi ukuqonda incazelo yamagama, imishwana nezigaba.

Izimpawu zobunzima bokufunda zihlanganisa izinkinga:

• ukuqashelwa kwezinhlamvu namagama
• ukuqonda amagama nemibono
• isivinini sokufunda nokuqephuza
• amakhono esilulumagama jikelele

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda kuzibalo (dyscalculia)

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda esibalweni kuyahlukahluka kuye ngamanye amandla nobuthakathaka bengane. Ikhono lengane lokwenza izibalo lizothinteka ngendlela ehlukile ukukhubazeka ekufundeni ulimi, noma ukungaboni kahle noma ubunzima bokulandelana, inkumbulo noma ukuhlela.

Ingane enenkinga yokufunda okusekelwe ezibalweni ingase ibe nzima ngekhanda nokuhleleka kwezinombolo, izimpawu zokusebenza, kanye “namaqiniso” ezinombolo (njengokuthi 5+5=10 noma 5×5=25). Izingane ezinenkinga yokufunda izibalo zingase futhi zibe nenkinga ngezimiso zokubala (ezifana nokubala ngababili noma ukubala ngokuhlanu) noma zibe nobunzima bokusho isikhathi.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda ngokubhala (dysgraphia)

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda ekubhaleni kungabandakanya isenzo somzimba sokubhala noma umsebenzi wengqondo wokuqonda nokuhlanganisa ulwazi. Ukuphazamiseka kokubhala okuyisisekelo kubhekisela ebunzimeni bomzimba bokwakha amagama nezinhlamvu. Ukukhubazeka kokubhala okuvezayo kubonisa umzabalazo wokuhlela imicabango ephepheni.

Izimpawu zokukhubazeka kokufunda ulimi olubhaliwe zizungeza isenzo sokubhala. Zihlanganisa izinkinga nge:

• ubunono nokuvumelana kokubhala
• ukukopisha ngokunembile izinhlamvu namagama
• ukuvumelana kwesipelingi
• ukubhala inhlangano nokuhambisana

Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhubazeka kokufunda nokuphazamiseka

Ukufunda, ukubhala, nezibalo akuwona kuphela amakhono athintwa ukuphazamiseka kokufunda. Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhubazeka ekufundeni zihlanganisa ubunzima bamakhono okunyakaza (ukunyakaza nokuxhumana), ukuqonda ulimi olukhulunywayo, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisindo, nokuhumusha ulwazi olubukwayo.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda kumakhono emoto (dyspraxia)

Ubunzima bezimoto bubhekisela ezinkingeni zokunyakaza nokuxhumana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unamakhono amahle emisipha (ukusika, ukubhala) noma amakhono emoto adlulele (ukugijima, ukugxuma). Ukukhubazeka kwemoto kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi “ophumayo” okusho ukuthi kuhlobene nokuphuma kolwazi oluvela ebuchosheni. Ukuze ugijime, ugxume, ubhale noma usike okuthile, ubuchopho kufanele bukwazi ukuxhumana nezitho ezidingekayo ukuze kuqedelwe isenzo.

Izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi ingane yakho ingase ibe nokukhubazeka kokusebenza kahle kwezimoto zihlanganisa izinkinga zamakhono angokwenyama adinga ukusebenzisana kwesandla neso, njengokubamba ipensela noma ukucofa izinkinobho zehembe.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda ngolimi (aphasia/dysphasia)

Ukukhubazeka ekufundeni ulimi nokuxhumana kubandakanya ikhono lokuqonda noma ukukhiqiza ulimi olukhulunywayo. Ulimi luphinde luthathwe njengomsebenzi ophumayo ngoba ludinga ukuhlela imicabango ebuchosheni nokubiza amagama afanele ukuchaza okuthile ngamazwi noma ukuxhumana nomunye umuntu.

Izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokufunda okusekelwe olimini zibandakanya izinkinga zamakhono olimi lokukhuluma, njengokukwazi ukuxoxa kabusha indaba kanye nokukhuluma kahle kahle, kanye nekhono lokuqonda incazelo yamagama, izingxenye zenkulumo, izinkomba, njll.

Izinkinga zokuzwa nezibonwayo: ukubaluleka kwezindlebe namehlo

Amehlo nezindlebe kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuletha ukwaziswa ebuchosheni, inqubo ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “okufakwayo.” Uma amehlo noma izindlebe zingasebenzi kahle, ukufunda kungase kuphazamiseke.

I-Auditory processing disorder - Ochwepheshe bangase babhekisele ekhonweni lokuzwa kahle "njengamakhono okucubungula okuzwayo" noma "ulimi olwamukelayo." Ikhono lokuzwa izinto ngendlela efanele linomthelela omkhulu ekhonweni lokufunda, ukubhala nokupela. Ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa umehluko ocashile emsindweni, noma ukuzwa imisindo ngesivinini esingalungile kwenza kube nzima ukuphimisa amagama nokuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo yokufunda nokubhala.

I-Visual processing disorder - Izinkinga ekuboneni okubonakalayo zihlanganisa ukushoda komehluko ocashile kuzimo, izinhlamvu ezihlehlayo noma izinombolo, ukweqa amagama, ukweqa imigqa, ukujula okungaqondakali noma ibanga, noma ukuba nezinkinga zokusebenzisana kwamehlo nezandla. Ochwepheshe bangase babhekisele emsebenzini wamehlo ngokuthi “ukucubungula okubonwayo.” Ukubona okubukwayo kungathinta amakhono okunyakaza abi namahle, ukuqonda kokufunda, kanye nezibalo.

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokukhubazeka kokufunda

I-Dyslexia – Kunzima ukufunda

• Izinkinga zokufunda, ukubhala, isipelingi, ukukhuluma

I-Dyscalculia - Ubunzima ngezibalo

• Izinkinga zokwenza izinkinga zezibalo, ukuqonda isikhathi, ukusebenzisa imali

I-Dysgraphia - Ubunzima bokubhala

• Izinkinga ngokubhala ngesandla, isipelingi, imibono yokuhlela

I-Dyspraxia (I-Sensory Integration Disorder) - Ubunzima ngamakhono amahle emoto

• Izinkinga zokuxhumanisa neso lesandla, ibhalansi, ubuciko bezandla

I-Dysphasia/Aphasia - Ubunzima bolimi

• Izinkinga zokuqonda ulimi olukhulunywayo, ukungaqondisisi kahle kokufunda

I-Auditory Processing Disorder - Kunzima ukuzwa umehluko phakathi kwemisindo

• Izinkinga zokufunda, ukuqonda, ulimi

I-Visual Processing Disorder - Ubunzima bokuhumusha ulwazi olubukwayo

• Izinkinga zokufunda, izibalo, amamephu, amashadi, izimpawu, izithombe

Ezinye iziphazamiso ezenza kube nzima ukufunda

Ubunzima esikoleni abuveli ngaso sonke isikhathi ekukhubazekeni kokufunda. Ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, izehlakalo ezicindezelayo, ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo, nezinye izimo ezithinta ukugxilisa ingqondo kwenza ukufunda kube inselele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ADHD kanye ne-autism ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ngokubambisana noma kudidaniswe nokukhubazeka kokufunda.

I-ADHD - I-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), nakuba ingabhekwa njengokukhubazeka kokufunda, ingaphazamisa ukufunda. Izingane ezine-ADHD zivame ukuba nezinkinga zokuhlala zinganyakazi, zigxile, zilandele imiyalelo, zihlale zihlelekile, futhi ziqedele umsebenzi wesikole.

I-Autism - Ubunzima bokufunda amakhono athile ezemfundo bungabangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokukhula okugcwele okugcwele njenge-autism kanye ne-Asperger's syndrome. Izingane ezine izinkinga ze-autism spectrum ingase ibe nenkinga yokukhuluma, ukufunda ulimi lomzimba, ukufunda amakhono ayisisekelo, ukwenza abangane, nokubheka amehlo.

Ithemba ngokukhubazeka kokufunda: Ubuchopho bungashintsha

Isayensi yenze intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kobuchopho, futhi into eyodwa ebalulekile etholakele eletha ithemba elisha lokukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokuphazamiseka okubizwa ngokuthi. i-neuroplasticity . I-Neuroplasticity ibhekisela emandleni emvelo obuchopho, impilo yonke yokuguqula. Kuyo yonke impilo, ubuchopho buyakwazi ukwakha ukuxhumana okusha futhi bukhiqize amangqamuzana obuchopho amasha ukuphendula okuhlangenwe nakho nokufunda. Lolu lwazi luholele ekwelashweni okusha okuyisisekelo kokukhubazeka kokufunda okusebenzisa ikhono lobuchopho lokushintsha. Izinhlelo ezintsha, njengohlelo lwe-Arrowsmith, zisebenzisa izivivinyo zobuchopho zamasu ukuze zihlonze futhi ziqinise izindawo zokuqonda ezibuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinganeni ezinenkinga yokuhlukanisa imisindo ehlukene egameni, kunezinhlelo ezintsha zokufunda ezisekelwe kuyi-computer ezinciphisa imisindo ukuze izingane ziyiqonde futhi kancane kancane zikhulise isivinini sokuqonda.

Lokhu okutholwe mayelana ne-neuroplasticity kunikeza ithemba kubo bonke abafundi abanezinkinga zokufunda, futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungase luholele ekwengezeni ukwelashwa okusha okuqondise izimbangela zangempela zokukhubazeka kokufunda, kunokumane nje kunikeze amasu okubhekana nokubhekana nokunxephezela ubuthakathaka.

Ukuxilongwa nokuhlolwa kokukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokuphazamiseka

Njengoba usufundile kakade, ukuxilonga ukukhubazeka kokufunda akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ungacabangi ukuthi uyazi ukuthi yini inkinga yengane yakho, ngisho noma izimpawu zibonakala zicacile. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingane yakho ihlolwe futhi ihlolwe uchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe. Lokho kusho, kufanele uthembele imizwa yakho. Uma ucabanga ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle, lalela amathumbu akho. Uma unomuzwa wokuthi uthisha noma udokotela unciphisa ukukhathazeka kwakho, funa umbono wesibili. Ungavumeli muntu akutshele ukuthi “linda ubone” noma “ungakhathazeki ngakho” uma ubona ingane yakho idonsa kanzima. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkinga zengane yakho zibangelwa ukukhubazeka kokufunda noma cha, ukungenelela kuyadingeka. Ngeke wenze iphutha ngokubheka udaba bese uthatha isinyathelo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuthola umuntu ongasiza kungase kuthathe isikhathi nomzamo. Ngisho nochwepheshe baxuba ukukhubazeka kokufunda ne-ADHD nezinye izinkinga zokuziphatha ngezinye izikhathi. Kungase kudingeke ubheke nxazonke kancane noma uzame ochwepheshe abangaphezu koyedwa. Okwamanje, zama ukubekezela, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ngeke uhlale uthola izimpendulo ezicacile. Zama ukuthi ungabambeki kakhulu ekuzameni ukuthola ilebula yenkinga yengane yakho. Shiya lokho kochwepheshe. Kunalokho gxila ezinyathelweni ongazithatha ukuze usekele ingane yakho futhi ubhekane nezimpawu zayo ngezindlela ezingokoqobo.

Ukuxilongwa kanye nenqubo yokuhlola yokukhubazeka kokufunda

Ukuxilonga ukukhubazeka kokufunda kuyinqubo. Kubandakanya ukuhlolwa, ukuthathwa komlando, nokubhekwa nguchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe. Ukuthola ukudluliselwa okuthembekile kubalulekile. Qala ngesikole somntanakho, futhi uma engakwazi ukukusiza, buza inkampani yakho yomshwalense, udokotela, noma abangane nomndeni oye wabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokukhubazeka kokufunda.

Izinhlobo zochwepheshe abangakwazi ukuhlola nokuxilonga ukukhubazeka kokufunda zihlanganisa:

1. Ochwepheshe bezengqondo bezokwelapha
2. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zesikole
3. Odokotela bengqondo yezingane
4. Ochwepheshe bezengqondo bezemfundo
5. Ochwepheshe bezengqondo zokuthuthuka
6. Isazi se-Neuropsychologist
7. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo
8. I-Occupational Therapist (ihlola ukuphazamiseka kwezinzwa okungaholela ezinkingeni zokufunda)
9. Umelaphi wenkulumo nolimi

Kwesinye isikhathi ochwepheshe abambalwa baxhumanisa izinsizakalo njengeqembu ukuze bathole ukuxilongwa okunembile. Bangase bacele imibono kothisha bengane yakho. Izincomo zingenziwa ngezinsizakalo zemfundo ekhethekile noma ukwelashwa ngolimi lwenkulumo ngaphakathi kwesistimu yesikole. Isikole esingesona esisesidlangalaleni esigxile ekwelapheni ukukhubazeka kokufunda singase sibe enye indlela enhle uma isikole sikahulumeni singasebenzi. Ukuze uthole uhlu lwezikole ezingezona zomphakathi endaweni yangakini vakashela iwebhusayithi yoMnyango wezeMfundo wesifunda sakho.

Ukuthola usizo lwezingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni

Uma kuziwa ekukhubazekeni kokufunda, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze nokuthi ungalutholaphi usizo. Ukuphendukela kochwepheshe abangakhomba futhi bahlonze inkinga, kubalulekile. Uzofuna nokusebenza nesikole sengane yakho ukuze wenzele ingane yakho indawo yokuhlala futhi uthole usizo lwezemfundo oluyisipesheli. Kodwa ungayishayi indiva indima yakho. Uyayazi ingane yakho kangcono kunanoma ubani omunye, ngakho hola ekuhloleni izinketho zakho, ufunde mayelana nezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha namasevisi, nokwengamela imfundo yengane yakho.

Funda imininingwane ethile mayelana nokukhubazeka kokufunda kwengane yakho. Funda futhi ufunde mayelana nohlobo lokukhubazeka kokufunda kwengane yakho. Thola ukuthi ukukhubazeka kuyithinta kanjani inqubo yokufunda nokuthi yimaphi amakhono okuqonda ahilelekile. Kulula ukuhlola amasu okufunda uma uqonda ukuthi ukukhubazeka kokufunda kuyithinta kanjani ingane yakho.

Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, amasevisi, kanye nemibono emisha. Kanye nokwazi ngohlobo lokukhubazeka kokufunda ingane yakho enakho, zifundise ngezinketho zokwelapha eziphumelela kakhulu ezitholakalayo. Lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi umelele ingane yakho esikoleni futhi uphishekele ukwelashwa ekhaya.

Phishekela ukwelashwa nezinkonzo ekhaya. Ngisho noma isikole singenazo izinsiza zokuphatha ukukhubazeka kokufunda kwengane yakho ngendlela efanele, ungakwazi ukulandela lezi zinketho uwedwa ekhaya noma nomelaphi noma umfundisi.

Khulisa amandla engane yakho. Ngisho noma izingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni zidonsa kanzima endaweni ethile yokufunda, zingase ziphumelele kwenye. Naka izithakazelo nezifiso zengane yakho. Ukusiza izingane ezinezinkinga zokufunda ukuthuthukisa izifiso zabo namandla cishe kuzobasiza nasezindaweni zobunzima.

Amakhono omphakathi nawomzwelo: Ungasiza kanjani

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda kungase kukhungathekise kakhulu izingane. Ake ucabange unenkinga ngekhono bonke abangani bakho ababhekana nalo kalula, ukhathazeke ngokuziphoxa phambi kwekilasi, noma udonsa kanzima ukuveza imizwa yakho. Izinto zingakhungathekisa ngokuphindwe kabili ezinganeni ezikhanya kakhulu ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni–isimo esingavamile.

Izingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni zingase zibe nenkinga yokuveza imizwa yazo, ukuzehlisa, nokufunda izinkomba ezingasho lutho ezivela kwabanye. Lokhu kungadala ubunzima ekilasini kanye nontanga yabo. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi, njengomzali, ungaba nomthelela omkhulu kulezi zindawo. Amakhono omphakathi nawomzwelo ayizinkomba ezingaguquki kakhulu zempumelelo yazo zonke izingane—futhi lokho kuhlanganisa nezingane ezinezinkinga zokufunda. Adlula konke okunye, kuhlanganise namakhono emfundo, ekubikezeleni impumelelo nenjabulo yokuphila konke.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda, kanye nezinselelo ezihambisana nazo zemfundo, kungaholela ekungazethembini, ukuzihlukanisa, nezinkinga zokuziphatha, kodwa akudingekile. Ungakwazi ukumelana nalezi zinto ngokwakha uhlelo oluqinile lokusekela izingane ezinokukhubazeka ekufundeni futhi uzisize zifunde ukuziveza, ukubhekana nokukhungatheka, futhi zibhekane nezinselele. Ngokugxila ekukhuleni kwengane yakho njengomuntu, futhi hhayi nje ekuphumeleleni kwezemfundo, uyoyisiza ukuba ifunde imikhuba emihle engokomzwelo ebeka inkundla yempumelelo kukho konke ukuphila.

Ukuthola ukwesekwa ngenkathi usiza ingane enokukhubazeka ekufundeni

Zonke izingane zingajabulisa futhi zikhathale, kodwa kungase kubonakale sengathi ingane yakho enokukhubazeka ekufundeni injalo ikakhulukazi. Ungase uhlangabezane nokukhungatheka okuthile ngokuzama ukusebenza nengane yakho, futhi kungase kubonakale kuwumqansa uma ungenalo ulwazi oludingayo. Ngemva kokufunda ukuthi kuyini ukukhubazeka kwabo ekufundeni nokuthi kuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwabo, uzokwazi ukuqala ukubhekana nezinselele esikoleni nasekhaya. Uma ukwazi, qiniseka ukuthi ufinyelela kwabanye abazali ababhekana nezinselele ezifanayo njengoba bengaba imithombo emikhulu yolwazi nokusekelwa ngokomzwelo.

Joyina Iphepha Lethu Lezidingo Ezikhethekile

Siyabonga ngokubhalisa

Sicela ulungise inkambu emakiwe ngezansi.

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